When selecting a microphone, it's essential to consider the environment in which it will be used and the desired audio quality. Different microphones have unique characteristics that make them suitable for specific applications. For high-quality recording or broadcasting, condenser microphones, aluminum ribbon microphones, or advanced dynamic microphones are ideal due to their superior sound fidelity. For general amplification, standard moving coil microphones are usually sufficient. If the speaker is often moving or positioned far from the amplifier—such as during karaoke performances—a directional, low-sensitivity microphone is recommended to minimize background noise and interference. Condenser microphones typically require phantom power, and the appropriate voltage should be selected based on the microphone’s specifications. Most mixers provide 48V phantom power, which is commonly used for this purpose.
In addition to choosing the right microphone, proper usage is crucial. First, impedance matching is important: the microphone's output impedance should match the input impedance of the amplifier. A mismatch ratio above 3:1 can lead to signal loss and reduced clarity. For example, using a 50Ω microphone with an input impedance of 150Ω may increase the output by nearly 7dB, but it can cause significant loss in both high and low frequencies.
The output voltage of a microphone is very low, so it's best to keep the connecting cables as short as possible to avoid signal loss and interference. High-quality microphones should use double-core, shielded cables, while standard ones can use single-core shielded cables. The length of high-impedance microphone cables should not exceed 5 meters, otherwise, high-frequency sounds will be significantly weakened. Low-impedance cables can be extended up to 30–50 meters without major issues.
Another important factor is the working distance between the microphone and the sound source. Typically, the distance should be around 7.5 to 10 inches (19–25 cm). If the distance is too far, reverberation increases, and background noise becomes more prominent. If the microphone is too close, the signal may become distorted, with excessive low-frequency content reducing speech clarity. This is due to the "near-field effect," where low frequencies are emphasized when the microphone is close to the sound source. However, some singers intentionally use this effect to enhance their vocal performance.
The angle between the sound source and the microphone also matters. Each microphone has an optimal pickup angle, and the sound source should ideally be aligned with the center of the microphone. As the angle increases, treble response decreases. Sometimes, a microphone may sound "muddy" or "boomy," but adjusting its position slightly can help reduce this issue.
Microphone placement and height are also important. When amplifying sound, the microphone should not be placed near or directly facing the speaker, as this can cause feedback or howling. The height of the microphone should match the sound source. For a single person speaking or singing, the microphone should be at mouth level. For groups, it should be positioned at an average height, ensuring all participants are within the microphone's effective range. If there are multiple instruments or performers, the microphone should be placed to capture all elements evenly without causing imbalance in volume or tone.
If multiple microphones are used simultaneously, phase alignment is critical. Microphones should be connected in parallel only if their phases are consistent; otherwise, they may interfere with each other, leading to reduced output and distortion. It's generally not advisable to connect microphones of different models or impedances in parallel, as this can cause signal loss. In most cases, using a single microphone is more effective than using multiple ones together.
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