For an electric vehicle, longer battery life naturally brings more convenience, as a greater driving range means less frequent charging. This is especially important for long-distance travel and daily commuting, where minimizing stops for recharging can significantly improve user experience.
The charge and discharge cycle life of a secondary battery depends on various factors, including the depth of discharge, temperature, and the charging system used. The "depth of discharge" refers to the percentage of the battery’s total capacity that is used before recharging. By limiting this depth—known as "shallow discharging"—the overall lifespan of the battery can be greatly extended.
Although charging an electric car is generally cheaper than fueling a traditional gasoline vehicle, the upfront cost of the vehicle itself is higher, and battery replacement remains a major expense. As a result, battery maintenance and repair have become key challenges in the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. This issue has slowed down the growth of the EV market, making it a critical area for improvement.
The lifespan of an electric vehicle is also influenced by its motor. Different types of motors come with varying costs and performance levels. For example, DC brush motors can directly receive power from the vehicle's supply and are controlled via a thyristor controller using a chopper mode.
Battery life can be categorized into two types: dry storage life and wet shelf life. These terms refer to the self-discharge characteristics of a battery when not in use, rather than its actual service life. The real battery life is determined by how long it is actively used and charged over time.
For primary batteries, their life is measured based on the operating time required to deliver the rated capacity, which depends on the discharge rate. In contrast, secondary batteries have two main life indicators: charge and discharge cycle life, and wet shelf life.
Charge and discharge cycle life is a crucial parameter for evaluating the performance of secondary batteries. It refers to the number of times a battery can be fully charged and discharged before its capacity drops below a certain threshold. The higher the cycle life, the better the battery performance. For example, cadmium-nickel batteries typically last 500–800 cycles, lead-acid batteries 200–500 cycles, lithium-ion batteries 600–1000 cycles, and zinc-silver batteries only about 100 cycles.
Wet shelf life measures how long a battery can remain functional after being charged and stored, considering both the time it spends in a discharged state and the charge-discharge process. Lithium-ion batteries usually have the longest wet shelf life, lasting 5–8 years, while zinc-silver batteries only last around one year.
Other important performance aspects include low-temperature performance, resistance to overcharging, and safety features. These factors determine how well a battery functions under different conditions and ensure user safety.
In recent years, the sales of new energy vehicles in China have surged, leading to a growing number of power batteries reaching the end of their warranty periods. Many models, such as BYD, now have batteries that have exceeded their warranty terms. For instance, the BYD Qin offers a 6-year or 150,000 km warranty for the vehicle and a lifetime warranty for the battery core. Similarly, the SAIC Roewe E50 provides a 3-year or 100,000 km warranty for the whole vehicle, along with a 5-year or 100,000 km warranty for key components like the battery. Beiqi also offers a five-year, unlimited-kilometer warranty for the E150ev battery. These commitments reflect the industry's efforts to build consumer confidence and support the long-term viability of electric vehicles.
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