For an electric vehicle, longer battery life naturally brings greater convenience, as a larger driving range means less frequent charging. This is especially important for users who travel long distances or don't have easy access to charging stations. However, the lifespan of a secondary battery—such as those used in electric cars—is influenced by several factors, including depth of discharge, temperature, and the charge/discharge system.
The term "depth of discharge" refers to the percentage of a battery’s rated capacity that is actually used before it needs to be recharged. By limiting this depth—known as "shallow discharging"—the number of charge cycles the battery can endure increases significantly. This helps extend the overall life of the battery, making it more cost-effective over time.
Although charging an electric car is generally cheaper than refueling a traditional gasoline vehicle, the upfront cost of the vehicle itself is high, and battery replacement can be a major expense. As a result, battery maintenance and repair have become a key challenge in the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.
In addition to battery life, the performance of an electric vehicle also depends on its motor. Different types of motors come with different costs and efficiencies. For example, DC brush motors can be directly powered by the vehicle's power supply, and their speed is controlled using a thyristor controller in chopper mode.
Battery life is often described in terms of “dry storage life†and “wet storage life.†These terms refer to how much a battery self-discharges when not in use, but they do not reflect the actual usable life of the battery. The real lifespan of a battery is determined by how long it functions effectively under normal operating conditions.
For primary batteries, the life is measured based on the operating time needed to deliver the rated capacity, depending on the discharge rate. For secondary (rechargeable) batteries, there are two main types of life: charge and discharge cycle life, and wet shelf life.
Charge and discharge cycle life is a critical measure of a battery’s performance. Each full charge and discharge cycle counts as one cycle. The number of cycles a battery can handle before its capacity drops below a certain level defines its cycle life. Lithium-ion batteries, for example, typically last between 600 and 1,000 cycles, while lead-acid batteries usually last 200 to 500 cycles.
Wet shelf life refers to the period during which a battery remains functional after being charged and stored. It includes the time the battery spends in a discharged state during its operational cycles. A longer wet shelf life indicates better battery quality. For example, lithium-ion batteries often have a wet shelf life of 5 to 8 years, while zinc-silver batteries only last about a year.
Other important performance factors include low-temperature resistance, ability to withstand overcharging, and safety features. These aspects are crucial for ensuring reliability and longevity in various environments.
With the rapid growth of the new energy vehicle market in China, the number of power batteries reaching the end of their warranty period has also increased. Many models, such as BYD’s Qin, already exceed their battery warranty periods. Some manufacturers offer extended warranties—like BYD’s lifetime warranty on the battery core, or SAIC Roewe E50’s five-year, 100,000-kilometer battery warranty. These commitments help build consumer confidence in the long-term viability of electric vehicles.
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