In China, small and medium-sized cities now make up between 60% and 70% of the total urban population. These cities also have a significant number of GSM network users, giving them an advantage in terms of scale. However, they face similar challenges in terms of network quality, resource utilization, and operational efficiency. As a result, the optimization strategies and implementation methods for GSM networks in these cities tend to be widely applicable. This paper outlines the characteristics of GSM networks in small and medium-sized cities and provides detailed processes and techniques for network planning and remediation.
Before initiating any planning or remediation efforts, it is essential to collect and analyze key data about the city, such as its geographical features, population distribution, user behavior, and network size. Understanding the technical specifications of wireless devices and antennas used in the network, as well as the overall network background and current operating conditions, is crucial for effective planning.
The network remediation process typically involves several key steps: first, collecting and analyzing network data, followed by targeted testing of problematic areas. Then, on-site investigations are conducted to identify specific issues. After that, a comprehensive analysis of the problems is carried out, leading to the development of an optimization plan. Once the plan is implemented, the network performance is evaluated. If the optimization goals are not met, further analysis and adjustments are made to refine the approach.
Key 1: Network Data Analysis and Testing
This phase focuses on analyzing both operational and test data from the network. Operational data includes traffic statistics and user complaints, which help identify areas with high drop rates, low call success rates, and poor handover performance. Combining this with recent user feedback allows planners to pinpoint base stations or areas that may require further investigation through road tests and dial tests.
Test data, such as drive tests (DT) and customer quality tests (CQT), collected from operators provide more precise insights into network performance at specific locations. These data are critical for guiding future planning and remediation efforts, offering a clear picture of the network’s current state.
Key 2: On-Site Investigation and Problem Identification
During on-site visits, planners examine the identified problem areas and their surrounding environments. They assess the status of base station antennas, including their azimuth, downtilt angle, height, and coverage conditions. This helps identify potential issues related to antenna placement or environmental interference.
Common issues include antennas installed too high above the surrounding environment, leading to poor coverage, or antennas blocked by new buildings, resulting in signal degradation. These situations can significantly impact network performance and must be addressed during the optimization process.
Key 3: Problem Analysis and Remediation Plan Development
Once sufficient data is gathered, planners conduct a detailed analysis of the network and individual base stations. Based on user complaints, DT/CQT results, and on-site inspections, they identify specific areas that need attention. The root causes of the problems are then determined, taking into account the performance of the affected base station as well as the surrounding network and propagation conditions.
Remediation plans often involve adjusting switching parameters, optimizing antenna configurations, planning new macro sites, or installing indoor distribution systems. Antenna adjustments can include changes in azimuth, downtilt, height, and position. Each adjustment aims to improve coverage, reduce interference, and enhance overall network performance.
For example, if the switching success rate is low due to insufficient channel allocation, increasing the number of channels or adding microcells can help. Similarly, reducing antenna height in densely covered areas can prevent overcoverage and minimize interference. In certain cases, adjusting the antenna azimuth can balance traffic and improve signal strength in weak areas.
Antenna downtilt adjustment is particularly important in optimizing coverage and minimizing interference. By selecting the right downtilt angle, planners can ensure that the signal reaches the intended cell boundary while reducing interference with neighboring cells. This step is crucial for maintaining network stability and improving user experience.
When adjustments prove ineffective, relocating a base station or introducing new infrastructure, such as macro stations or indoor distribution systems, may become necessary. These measures help address coverage gaps and congestion in urban areas.
After finalizing the plan, engineers implement the changes, ensuring that all rectification actions are carried out according to the defined strategy.
Key 4: Effectiveness Evaluation
Once the network remediation is complete, it is important to evaluate its effectiveness. This includes checking whether the original issues were resolved, whether the network performance improved, and whether there were any unintended negative effects. Based on the evaluation results, the plan may be revised before full implementation.
The approach outlined in this paper combines network planning with localized optimization, enabling operators to address existing network issues while also preparing for future growth. This integrated strategy ensures that both current and emerging network needs are met effectively.
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